Gingivitis & Periodontitis
Gingivitis and periodontitis are periodontal diseases, meaning they affect the tissues that support the teeth within the jaw. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to tooth instability and ultimately tooth loss—even when the teeth themselves are not damaged by tooth decay. Periodontal diseases can affect individuals of all ages, including children.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis and periodontitis are multifactorial conditions. Genetics, smoking, diet and poor oral hygiene are among the most common contributing factors.
In affected teeth, bacterial plaque accumulates and matures, eventually hardening into tartar (calculus). If tartar is not removed through professional dental cleaning, the gums become red, swollen and bleed during brushing or even while chewing. This inflammation of the gums is known as gingivitis.
If the early signs of gingivitis are ignored and the patient does not improve daily oral hygiene practices or undergo professional tartar removal, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is the condition in which the bone surrounding the teeth becomes affected. As gingivitis advances, the gums may become so severely inflamed that they begin to recede and deteriorate. The space between the gums and the teeth deepens, forming periodontal pockets.
These pockets allow bacterial plaque to reach and cover the tooth root, leading to the destruction of the tissues surrounding it. At the same time, the gums recede (gingival recession), exposing an increasing portion of the tooth root. This often causes aesthetic concerns and is frequently accompanied by bad breath (halitosis).
If periodontitis is left untreated, it can progress to an advanced stage. The spaces between the teeth increase, teeth become mobile and shift position, altering the overall alignment of the dentition. Sensitivity to brushing, as well as to cold or hot stimuli, may develop.
Ultimately, if bone destruction is complete, tooth extraction becomes the only treatment option.
Treatment of Periodontitis
Periodontal disease is a chronic condition. When detected early by the dentist, it can be effectively managed with a personalised treatment plan.
Treatment includes the systematic removal of tartar (calculus) and bacterial plaque from the surfaces of the teeth and roots. This is performed at regular intervals and may involve scaling and root planing, aimed at reducing the depth of periodontal pockets.
In more advanced cases, the procedure may require local anaesthesia and is carried out using specialised manual instruments or ultrasonic scalers.
Patients with periodontitis must also strictly follow proper oral hygiene practices at home. With consistent care, the gums may gradually reattach to the teeth and further recession can be prevented. Ongoing maintenance therapy is essential, as periodontal disease can recur if not carefully monitored.
